Our brains are essentially massively parallel processing machines.  Even the simple activity of gazing out at the ocean in total bliss requires the coordination of millions of perceptual processes.  When it comes to large-scale goal directed attention or action, however, we struggle to do more than a single thing at once.  A paper published last month in Neuron looked into the brain activity associated with multitasking and attempted to understand why.

A research group at Vanderbilt led by Paul Dux studied the changes that occur when people learn to perform two different tasks–a visual-manual task and an auditory-vocal task–at the same time.  fMRI brain scanning revealed that no areas of the brain respond only when the two activities are undertaken together. In other words, there is no part of the brain explicitly devoted to handling multitasking.  The researchers did find, however, that many regions of the brain were involved in these tasks but that only one, the left inferior frontal junction (IFJ), was more active when they were performed together.

The subjects in this experiment initially found it very difficult to multitask, but they got better with training.  The researchers thus looked at what was happening in the IFJ when these improvements were made to understanding how multitasking works in neural tissue.  They considered three separate hypotheses, each of which made different claims about the neural response to multitasking training.

In the first story, we get better at multitasking because the processing moves away from the slow abstraction of the prefrontal cortex to direct inflexible circuits linking sensory and motor areas.  To test this theory, the researchers looked at the effective connectivity between the regions involved in this task.  Even with training, however, there was no strengthening in the direct circuits between perception and response.  The information was still passing through the IFJ, it was just doing so more quickly.

A second hypothesis, then, was that dedicated circuits formed within the IFJ to segment and accelerate multitasking processes.  Dux and his colleagues performed a pattern classification analysis to evaluate this theory.  Pattern classification works by teaching a computer algorithm to discriminate between the brain response associated with different activities.  According the this second theory, classification performance should improve if the IFJ develops dedicated pipelines to handle the individual requirements of the multitasking procedure.

In fact, however, classification performance slightly decreased with training, indicating that the second hypothesis was also false.  This result does suggest, though, that there were some sort of changes within the IFJ, so the researchers turned to the third hypothesis.  They scanned several additional subjects using high temporal resolution fMRI focused just within the IFJ both before and after multitasking training.

With this new fine-grained data, the researchers were able to reach the conclusion that training leads to gains of efficiency in the central processing module within the IFJ.  The degree of improvement in reaction time corresponded to the acceleration in IFJ processing as revealed by fMRI. This shows that, even though the brain is massively parallel, complicated behaviors must  pass through this bottleneck before they can be executed.

The effects of video-game playing on your brain have been studied for a quarter-century, but the latest research reveals that there are still deep puzzles yet to be solved.

One of the earliest and most noted studies in the field was conducted back in 1992 by neuroscientist Richard Haier at the University of California at Irvine, who looked at how frequent sessions with the Tetris video game changed the players’ brains. The game requires players to fit colorful puzzle pieces together at a quickening pace as they fall from the top of the screen.

Back then, Haier used brain scans to discover that some parts of the brain actually used less glucose as the players became more skilled at the game. The “Tetris effect” illustrated how video-game training could make brains work more efficiently – an idea that eventually led to a whole host of brain-training games.

Now Haier serves as a consultant to Blue Planet Software, the company that markets Tetris, and he was asked to follow up on his 17-year-old research using the new tools available to neuroscientists.

Haier recruited three colleagues – Sherif Karama from the Montreal Neurological Institute, Leonard Leyba from the New Mexico-based Mind Research Network and Rex Jung, a clinical neuropsychologist at the University of New Mexico. They came up with an experiment that budgeted out at “under $100,000,” with the expense picked by Blue Planet, Haier said.

The company had no say in how the experiment was conducted – and it didn’t get an advance look at the resulting research, which was published online today in BMC Research Notes, a peer-reviewed, open-access journal. “This was kind of a labor of love,” Haier told me.

The researchers recruited 26 girls, aged 12 to 15. Adolescents were selected because their developing brains were more likely to reflect changes, and girls were selected because they tend to have less experience with video games than boys. Fifteen of the girls were given the task of playing the video game for an average of 90 minutes a week over the course of three months. The others were told to avoid playing video games.

Both groups were monitored for changes in brain function as well as brain structure. Earlier research conducted in Germany had shown that juggling practice led to a thickening in areas of the cerebral cortex, so Haier and his colleagues were pretty sure they’d find a link between what they saw in the functional MRI (about more efficient brain function) and in the structural MRI (about cortex thickening).

And that’s where the brain puzzle threw them for a new loop.

“In science, everyone makes a very big deal about having a hypothesis before you go on a fishing expedition,” Haier said. “Never once in 20 years has my hypothesis worked out the way I thought it would. The brain is always a surprise.”

The researchers analyzed the brain changes in the game-playing group compared with the control group, and they found that the Tetris players’ brain function became more efficient in areas linked to critical thinking, reasoning, language and information processing – just as Haier found in 1992. They also discovered that the cortex became thicker – just as the German researchers had discovered. The only problem was … they weren’t the same areas.

“We all were surprised when we put the images together and saw that there was no overlap,” Haier said. The cortex became thicker in areas of the brain linked to the planning of complex movements as well as the coordination of sensory information.

Haier had hoped that he and his colleagues would come up with a mechanism to explain in physiological terms how the brain became more efficient through game-playing. “The obvious thing would be if you get more brain tissue, you have more neurons to work on a problem, so therefore that area of the brain doesn’t have to work as hard,” he said.

Now he realizes the problem isn’t as simple as he thought. “What this study does, really, is lay the groundwork for a whole series of studies to untangle all this,” he said.

In a news release, the University of New Mexico’s Jung said he’d like to see what happens to game-playing brains over time.

“We hope to continue this work with larger, more diverse samples to investigate whether the brain changes we measured revert back when the subjects stop playing Tetris,” Jung said. “Similarly, we are interested if the skills learned in Tetris, and the associated brain changes, transfer to other cognitive areas such as working memory, processing speed, or spatial reasoning.”

Haier would love to figure out how the different areas of the brain interact during mental training, on a time scale of milliseconds. But that job may be beyond the capability of functional MRI scans, which can monitor changes only on the scale of seconds. “If we’re interested in information flow in the millisecond range, by the time fMRI can see it, it’s too late,” Haier said.

So Haier is setting his sights on yet another new technology, and it’s a real mouthful. Magnetoencephalography, or MEG, monitors the faint magnetic fields produced by the brain’s electrical activity. Haier thinks MEG scans could reveal how the parts of the brain that become more efficient interact with the parts that develop thicker tissue.

“The time resolution of this technology is a millisecond, so you can see changes in the brain millisecond by millisecond,” he said.

As Haier talked about how he’d design those future experiments in game-playing, which would have to be conducted within a magnetically shielded environment, I could tell he was already trying to fit the puzzle pieces together in his mind.

“I want to know what the heck is going on in those brains,” he said.

Training increases brain processing speed and improves our ability to multitask, new research from Vanderbilt University published in the June 15 issue of Neuron indicates.

“We found that a key limitation to efficient multitasking is the speed with which our prefrontal cortex processes information, and that this speed can be drastically increased through training and practice,” Paul E. Dux, a former research fellow at Vanderbilt, and now a faculty member at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, and co-author of the study, said. “Specifically, we found that with training, the ‘thinking’ regions of our brain become very fast at doing each task, thereby quickly freeing them up to take on other tasks.”

To understand what was occurring in the brain when multitasking efficiency improved, the researchers trained seven people daily for two weeks on two simple tasks — selecting an appropriate finger response to different images, and selecting an appropriate vocal response (syllables) to the presentation of different sounds. The tasks were done either separately or together (multitasking situation). Scans of the individuals’ brains were conducted three times over the two weeks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they were performing the tasks.

Before practice, the participants showed strong dual-task interference—slowing down of one or both tasks when they attempted to perform them together. As a result of practice and training, however, the individuals became very quick not only at doing each of the two tasks separately, but also at doing them together. In other words, they became very efficient multitaskers.

Read the rest of the article here.

In this article, some fundamental brain beliefs are challenged.  When people daydream, the executive network and the default network both are active.  It was thought that a person could only use one or the other at the same time.  Through fMRI testing, researchers saw that both areas of the brain were at work during daydreaming.

So when you want to get to that Aha moment, try a little daydreaming.

How often is it that while you are sleeping or you are in the shower a great idea come to you or you solve some difficult problem that had been lingering on your mind?  This happens because of how our brain works and what state our brain is in as we are waking up or in the nice warm shower.  In the The Eureka Hunt by Jonah Lehrer, she details some experiments done by Mark Jung-Beeman, from Northwestern University to explain how the brain works.

Your right hemisphere is responsible for for your strategic insights.  Your right hemisphere puts meaning everything you think.  Your left understands the words, but your right adds the emotion of a sentence or thought.  Using fMRI, they could see that people who work out puzzles do so in two different ways.  If they “get it” right away, they use their right brain.  If they work it out with structured analysis, they use their left brain and solve the puzzle more by brute force.

The test they used to determine Aha moment was Creative Remote Association Problem.  You are given three words like “crab”, pine, and “sauce” and asked to think of a word that can be combined with all three – “apple”.  The subject has 30 seconds to solve the problem.  It is very apparent whether a person works through this analytically or the Aha/insight just comes to them.  By looking at the fMRI, they could tell which areas of the brain were active during this processing.

When your brain is searching for insight, it is looking in a large cortical area in the right hemisphere.  seconds before the insight actually arrives. One of the key predictive signals is a steady rhythm of alpha waves emanating from the right hemisphere.  Alpha waves typically correlate  with a state of relaxation, and such activity makes the brain more receptive to new and unusual ideas.

So, next time you think of how Isaas Newton got his Aha moment on gravity from the apple falling from the tree, you will know that you too have that ability.  To work areas of your brain that you do not normally use, go to Myfitbrain and push all your cognitive areas.